There are essentially two main types of golf bag, with smaller bags for half sets and quick rounds of golf. The main things to look out for are build quality, comfort (if a carrying bag) and pocket space.
So-called because they are designed to be used with golf carts, buggies or trolleys; cart bags are usually of a very robust design, with plenty of pocket space for all you could need in a round of golf.
The light alternative to the cart bag is the stand bag. Like the cart bag, these will hold a full set of clubs, as well as all your balls tees and many other extras you may wish to carry during your round of golf.
These are for when you don’t want to carry around a whole set of clubs but just a few, perfect for pitch and putt or if you are just playing a few holes. They are very light but have limited storage space and usually do not have a stand.